@article {3357, title = {Real-Time Functional Mapping with Electrocorticography in Pediatric Epilepsy: Comparison with fMRI and ESM Findings.}, journal = {Clinical EEG and neuroscience}, year = {2014}, month = {07/2014}, abstract = {SIGFRIED (SIGnal modeling For Real-time Identification and Event Detection) software provides real-time functional mapping (RTFM) of eloquent cortex for epilepsy patients preparing to undergo resective surgery. This study presents the first application of paradigms used in functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) and electrical cortical stimulation mapping (ESM) studies for shared functional cortical mapping in the context of RTFM. Results from the 3 modalities are compared. A left-handed 13-year-old male with intractable epilepsy participated in functional mapping for localization of eloquent language cortex with fMRI, ESM, and RTFM. For RTFM, data were acquired over the frontal and temporal cortex. Several paradigms were sequentially presented: passive (listening to stories) and active (picture naming and verb generation). For verb generation and story processing, fMRI showed atypical right lateralizing language activation within temporal lobe regions of interest and bilateral frontal activation with slight right lateralization. Left hemisphere ESM demonstrated no eloquent language areas. RTFM procedures using story processing and picture naming elicited activity in the right lateral and basal temporal regions. Verb generation elicited strong right lateral temporal lobe activation, as well as left frontal lobe activation. RTFM results confirmed atypical language lateralization evident from fMRI and ESM. We demonstrated the feasibility and usefulness of a new RTFM stimulation paradigm during presurgical evaluation. Block design paradigms used in fMRI may be optimal for this purpose. Further development is needed to create age-appropriate RTFM test batteries.}, keywords = {Brain-computer interface (BCI), cortical stimulation, electrocorticography (ECoG), epilepsy surgery, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), functional mapping, pediatrics, SIGFRIED}, doi = {10.1177/1550059413492960}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24293161}, author = {Korostenskaja, Milena and Adam J Wilson and Rose, Douglas F and Peter Brunner and Gerwin Schalk and Leach, James and Mangano, Francesco T and Fujiwara, Hisako and Rozhkov, Leonid and Harris, Elana and Chen, Po-Ching and Seo, Joo-Hee and Lee, Ki H} } @inbook {2539, title = {Hardware and Software Technologies.}, booktitle = {Brain-Computer Interfaces: Principles and Practice}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, issn = {978-0195388855}, author = {Gerwin Schalk and Guger, C and Adam J Wilson}, editor = {Jonathan Wolpaw and E. Winter-Wolpaw} } @article {2195, title = {A procedure for measuring latencies in brain-computer interfaces.}, journal = {IEEE Trans Biomed Eng}, volume = {57}, year = {2010}, month = {06/2010}, pages = {1785-97}, abstract = {

Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems must process neural signals with consistent timing in order to support adequate system performance. Thus, it is important to have the capability to determine whether a particular BCI configuration (i.e., hardware and software) provides adequate timing performance for a particular experiment. This report presents a method of measuring and quantifying different aspects of system timing in several typical BCI experiments across a range of settings, and presents comprehensive measures of expected overall system latency for each experimental configuration.

}, keywords = {Brain, Computer Systems, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Humans, Models, Neurological, Reproducibility of Results, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Time Factors, User-Computer Interface}, issn = {1558-2531}, doi = {10.1109/TBME.2010.2047259}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20403781}, author = {Adam J Wilson and Mellinger, J{\"u}rgen and Gerwin Schalk and Williams, Justin C} } @inbook {2537, title = {Using BCI2000 for HCI-Centered BCI Research.}, booktitle = {Brain-Computer Interfaces: Applying our Minds to Human-Computer Interaction}, year = {2010}, pages = {261-274}, publisher = {Springer London}, organization = {Springer London}, abstract = {BCI2000 is a general-purpose software suite designed for brain-computer interface (BCI) and related research. BCI2000 has been in development since 2000 and is currently used in close to 500 laboratories around the world. BCI2000 can provide stimulus presentation while simultaneously recording brain signals and subject responses from a number of data acquisition and input devices, respectively. Furthermore, BCI2000 provides a number of services (such as a generic data format that can accommodate any hardware or experimental setup) that can greatly facilitate research. In summary, BCI2000 is ideally suited to support investigations in the area of human-computer interfaces (HCI), in particular those that include recording and processing of brain signals. This chapter provides an overview of the BCI2000 system, and gives examples of its utility for HCI research.}, issn = {978-1849962711}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-84996-272-8_15}, url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007\%2F978-1-84996-272-8_15}, author = {Adam J Wilson and Gerwin Schalk}, editor = {A. Nijholt and D. Tan} } @article {2192, title = {A practical procedure for real-time functional mapping of eloquent cortex using electrocorticographic signals in humans.}, journal = {Epilepsy Behav}, volume = {15}, year = {2009}, month = {07/2009}, pages = {278-86}, abstract = {

Functional mapping of eloquent cortex is often necessary prior to invasive brain surgery, but current techniques that derive this mapping have important limitations. In this article, we demonstrate the first comprehensive evaluation of a rapid, robust, and practical mapping system that uses passive recordings of electrocorticographic signals. This mapping procedure is based on the BCI2000 and SIGFRIED technologies that we have been developing over the past several years. In our study, we evaluated 10 patients with epilepsy from four different institutions and compared the results of our procedure with the results derived using electrical cortical stimulation (ECS) mapping. The results show that our procedure derives a functional motor cortical map in only a few minutes. They also show a substantial concurrence with the results derived using ECS mapping. Specifically, compared with ECS maps, a next-neighbor evaluation showed no false negatives, and only 0.46 and 1.10\% false positives for hand and tongue maps, respectively. In summary, we demonstrate the first comprehensive evaluation of a practical and robust mapping procedure that could become a new tool for planning of invasive brain surgeries.

}, keywords = {Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Electroencephalography, Epilepsy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Young Adult}, issn = {1525-5069}, doi = {10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.04.001}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19366638}, author = {Peter Brunner and A L Ritaccio and Lynch, Timothy M and Emrich, Joseph F and Adam J Wilson and Williams, Justin C and Aarnoutse, Erik J and Ramsey, Nick F and Leuthardt, E C and H Bischof and Gerwin Schalk} } @article {2190, title = {Using an EEG-based brain-computer interface for virtual cursor movement with BCI2000.}, journal = {J Vis Exp}, year = {2009}, month = {07/2009}, abstract = {

A brain-computer interface (BCI) functions by translating a neural signal, such as the electroencephalogram (EEG), into a signal that can be used to control a computer or other device. The amplitude of the EEG signals in selected frequency bins are measured and translated into a device command, in this case the horizontal and vertical velocity of a computer cursor. First, the EEG electrodes are applied to the user s scalp using a cap to record brain activity. Next, a calibration procedure is used to find the EEG electrodes and features that the user will learn to voluntarily modulate to use the BCI. In humans, the power in the mu (8-12 Hz) and beta (18-28 Hz) frequency bands decrease in amplitude during a real or imagined movement. These changes can be detected in the EEG in real-time, and used to control a BCI ([1],[2]). Therefore, during a screening test, the user is asked to make several different imagined movements with their hands and feet to determine the unique EEG features that change with the imagined movements. The results from this calibration will show the best channels to use, which are configured so that amplitude changes in the mu and beta frequency bands move the cursor either horizontally or vertically. In this experiment, the general purpose BCI system BCI2000 is used to control signal acquisition, signal processing, and feedback to the user [3].

}, keywords = {Brain, Calibration, Electrodes, Electroencephalography, Humans, User-Computer Interface}, issn = {1940-087X}, doi = {10.3791/1319}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19641479}, author = {Adam J Wilson and Gerwin Schalk and Walton, L{\'e}o M and Williams, Justin C} } @article {2186, title = {Two-dimensional movement control using electrocorticographic signals in humans.}, journal = {J Neural Eng}, volume = {5}, year = {2008}, month = {03/2008}, pages = {75-84}, abstract = {

We show here that a\ brain-computer\ interface (BCI) using electrocorticographic activity (ECoG) and imagined or overt motor tasks enables humans to control a\ computer\ cursor in two dimensions. Over a brief training period of 12-36 min, each of five human subjects acquired substantial control of particular ECoG features recorded from several locations over the same hemisphere, and achieved average success rates of 53-73\% in a two-dimensional four-target center-out task in which chance accuracy was 25\%. Our results support the expectation that ECoG-based BCIs can combine high performance with technical and\ clinical\ practicality, and also indicate promising directions for further research.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Brain Mapping, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Drug Resistance, Electrocardiography, Electrodes, Implanted, Electroencephalography, Epilepsy, Female, Humans, Male, Movement, User-Computer Interface}, issn = {1741-2560}, doi = {10.1088/1741-2560/5/1/008}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18310813}, author = {Gerwin Schalk and Miller, K.J. and Nicholas R Anderson and Adam J Wilson and Smyth, Matt and Ojemann, J G and Moran, D and Jonathan Wolpaw and Leuthardt, E C} } @article {2175, title = {ECoG factors underlying multimodal control of a brain-computer interface.}, journal = {IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng}, volume = {14}, year = {2006}, month = {06/2006}, pages = {246-50}, abstract = {

Most current brain-computer interface (BCI) systems for humans use electroencephalographic activity recorded from the scalp, and may be limited in many ways. Electrocorticography (ECoG) is believed to be a minimally-invasive alternative to electroencephalogram (EEG) for BCI systems, yielding superior signal characteristics that could allow rapid user training and faster communication rates. In addition, our preliminary results suggest that brain regions other than the sensorimotor cortex, such as auditory cortex, may be trained to control a BCI system using similar methods as those used to train motor regions of the brain. This could prove to be vital for users who have neurological disease, head trauma, or other conditions precluding the use of sensorimotor cortex for BCI control.

}, keywords = {Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Communication Aids for Disabled, Computer Peripherals, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Imagination, Male, Man-Machine Systems, Neuromuscular Diseases, Systems Integration, User-Computer Interface, Volition}, issn = {1534-4320}, doi = {10.1109/TNSRE.2006.875570}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16792305}, author = {Adam J Wilson and Felton, Elizabeth A and Garell, P Charles and Gerwin Schalk and Williams, Justin C} }