@article {2192, title = {A practical procedure for real-time functional mapping of eloquent cortex using electrocorticographic signals in humans.}, journal = {Epilepsy Behav}, volume = {15}, year = {2009}, month = {07/2009}, pages = {278-86}, abstract = {

Functional mapping of eloquent cortex is often necessary prior to invasive brain surgery, but current techniques that derive this mapping have important limitations. In this article, we demonstrate the first comprehensive evaluation of a rapid, robust, and practical mapping system that uses passive recordings of electrocorticographic signals. This mapping procedure is based on the BCI2000 and SIGFRIED technologies that we have been developing over the past several years. In our study, we evaluated 10 patients with epilepsy from four different institutions and compared the results of our procedure with the results derived using electrical cortical stimulation (ECS) mapping. The results show that our procedure derives a functional motor cortical map in only a few minutes. They also show a substantial concurrence with the results derived using ECS mapping. Specifically, compared with ECS maps, a next-neighbor evaluation showed no false negatives, and only 0.46 and 1.10\% false positives for hand and tongue maps, respectively. In summary, we demonstrate the first comprehensive evaluation of a practical and robust mapping procedure that could become a new tool for planning of invasive brain surgeries.

}, keywords = {Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Electroencephalography, Epilepsy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Young Adult}, issn = {1525-5069}, doi = {10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.04.001}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19366638}, author = {Peter Brunner and A L Ritaccio and Lynch, Timothy M and Emrich, Joseph F and Adam J Wilson and Williams, Justin C and Aarnoutse, Erik J and Ramsey, Nick F and Leuthardt, E C and H Bischof and Gerwin Schalk} } @article {2186, title = {Two-dimensional movement control using electrocorticographic signals in humans.}, journal = {J Neural Eng}, volume = {5}, year = {2008}, month = {03/2008}, pages = {75-84}, abstract = {

We show here that a\ brain-computer\ interface (BCI) using electrocorticographic activity (ECoG) and imagined or overt motor tasks enables humans to control a\ computer\ cursor in two dimensions. Over a brief training period of 12-36 min, each of five human subjects acquired substantial control of particular ECoG features recorded from several locations over the same hemisphere, and achieved average success rates of 53-73\% in a two-dimensional four-target center-out task in which chance accuracy was 25\%. Our results support the expectation that ECoG-based BCIs can combine high performance with technical and\ clinical\ practicality, and also indicate promising directions for further research.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Brain Mapping, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Drug Resistance, Electrocardiography, Electrodes, Implanted, Electroencephalography, Epilepsy, Female, Humans, Male, Movement, User-Computer Interface}, issn = {1741-2560}, doi = {10.1088/1741-2560/5/1/008}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18310813}, author = {Gerwin Schalk and Miller, K.J. and Nicholas R Anderson and Adam J Wilson and Smyth, Matt and Ojemann, J G and Moran, D and Jonathan Wolpaw and Leuthardt, E C} }