@article {3087,
	title = {Brain-computer interfaces in medicine.},
	journal = {Mayo Clinic proceedings. Mayo Clinic},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2012},
	month = {03/2012},
	pages = {268{\textendash}279},
	abstract = {Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) acquire brain signals, analyze them, and translate them into commands that are relayed to output devices that carry out desired actions. BCIs do not use normal neuromuscular output pathways. The main goal of BCI is to replace or restore useful function to people disabled by neuromuscular disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, or spinal cord injury. From initial demonstrations of electroencephalography-based spelling and single-neuron-based device control, researchers have gone on to use electroencephalographic, intracortical, electrocorticographic, and other brain signals for increasingly complex control of cursors, robotic arms, prostheses, wheelchairs, and other devices. Brain-computer interfaces may also prove useful for rehabilitation after stroke and for other disorders. In the future, they might augment the performance of surgeons or other medical professionals. Brain-computer interface technology is the focus of a rapidly growing research and development enterprise that is greatly exciting scientists, engineers, clinicians, and the public in general. Its future achievements will depend on advances in 3 crucial areas. Brain-computer interfaces need signal-acquisition hardware that is convenient, portable, safe, and able to function in all environments. Brain-computer interface systems need to be validated in long-term studies of real-world use by people with severe disabilities, and effective and viable models for their widespread dissemination must be implemented. Finally, the day-to-day and moment-to-moment reliability of BCI performance must be improved so that it approaches the reliability of natural muscle-based function.},
	keywords = {User-Computer Interface},
	issn = {1942-5546},
	doi = {10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.12.008},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22325364},
	author = {Shih, Jerry J. and Krusienski, Dean J. and Jonathan Wolpaw}
}
@article {3107,
	title = {Brain-computer interface research at the wadsworth center developments in noninvasive communication and control.},
	journal = {International review of neurobiology},
	volume = {86},
	year = {2009},
	month = {02/2009},
	pages = {147{\textendash}157},
	abstract = {Brain-computer interface (BCI) research at the Wadsworth Center focuses on noninvasive, electroencephalography (EEG)-based BCI methods for helping severely disabled individuals communicate and interact with their environment. We have demonstrated that these individuals, as well as able-bodied individuals, can learn to use sensorimotor rhythms (SMRs) to move a cursor rapidly and accurately in one and two dimensions. We have also developed a practical P300-based BCI that enables users to access and control the full functionality of their personal computer. We are currently translating this laboratory-proved BCI technology into a system that can be used by severely disabled individuals in their homes with minimal ongoing technical oversight. Our comprehensive approach to BCI design has led to several innovations that are applicable in other BCI contexts, such as space missions.},
	keywords = {User-Computer Interface},
	issn = {0074-7742},
	doi = {10.1016/S0074-7742(09)86011-X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19607997},
	author = {Krusienski, Dean J. and Jonathan Wolpaw}
}
@article {3131,
	title = {Emulation of computer mouse control with a noninvasive brain-computer interface.},
	journal = {Journal of neural engineering},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2008},
	month = {06/2008},
	pages = {101{\textendash}110},
	abstract = {Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology can provide nonmuscular communication and control to people who are severely paralyzed. BCIs can use noninvasive or invasive techniques for recording the brain signals that convey the user{\textquoteright}s commands. Although noninvasive BCIs are used for simple applications, it has frequently been assumed that only invasive BCIs, which use electrodes implanted in the brain, will be able to provide multidimensional sequential control of a robotic arm or a neuroprosthesis. The present study shows that a noninvasive BCI using scalp-recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and an adaptive algorithm can provide people, including people with spinal cord injuries, with two-dimensional cursor movement and target selection. Multiple targets were presented around the periphery of a computer screen, with one designated as the correct target. The user{\textquoteright}s task was to use EEG to move a cursor from the center of the screen to the correct target and then to use an additional EEG feature to select the target. If the cursor reached an incorrect target, the user was instructed not to select it. Thus, this task emulated the key features of mouse operation. The results indicate that people with severe motor disabilities could use brain signals for sequential multidimensional movement and selection.},
	keywords = {User-Computer Interface},
	issn = {1741-2560},
	doi = {10.1088/1741-2560/5/2/001},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18367779},
	author = {Dennis J. McFarland and Krusienski, Dean J. and Sarnacki, William A. and Jonathan Wolpaw}
}
