@article {3093,
	title = {Trained modulation of sensorimotor rhythms can affect reaction time.},
	journal = {Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology},
	volume = {122},
	year = {2011},
	month = {09/2011},
	pages = {1820{\textendash}1826},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE:
Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology might be useful for rehabilitation of motor function. This speculation is based on the premise that modifying the EEG will modify behavior, a proposition for which there is limited empirical data. The present study examined the possibility that voluntary modulation of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) can affect motor behavior in normal human subjects.
METHODS:
Six individuals performed a cued-reaction task with variable warning periods. A typical variable foreperiod effect was associated with SMR desynchronization. SMR features that correlated with reaction times were then used to control a two-target cursor movement BCI task. Following successful BCI training, an uncued reaction time task was embedded within the cursor movement task.
RESULTS:
Voluntarily increasing SMR beta rhythms was associated with longer reaction times than decreasing SMR beta rhythms.
CONCLUSIONS:
Voluntary modulation of EEG SMR can affect motor behavior.
SIGNIFICANCE:
These results encourage studies that integrate BCI training into rehabilitation protocols and examine its capacity to augment restoration of useful motor function.},
	keywords = {brain-computer interface, EEG, Reaction Time},
	issn = {1872-8952},
	doi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2011.02.016},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21411366},
	author = {Chadwick B. Boulay and Sarnacki, W. A. and Jonathan Wolpaw and Dennis J. McFarland}
}
@article {3104,
	title = {A novel P300-based brain-computer interface stimulus presentation paradigm: moving beyond rows and columns.},
	journal = {Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology},
	volume = {121},
	year = {2010},
	month = {07/2010},
	pages = {1109{\textendash}1120},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE:
An electroencephalographic brain-computer interface (BCI) can provide a non-muscular means of communication for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or other neuromuscular disorders. We present a novel P300-based BCI stimulus presentation - the checkerboard paradigm (CBP). CBP performance is compared to that of the standard row/column paradigm (RCP) introduced by Farwell and Donchin (1988).
METHODS:
Using an 8x9 matrix of alphanumeric characters and keyboard commands, 18 participants used the CBP and RCP in counter-balanced fashion. With approximately 9-12 min of calibration data, we used a stepwise linear discriminant analysis for online classification of subsequent data.
RESULTS:
Mean online accuracy was significantly higher for the CBP, 92\%, than for the RCP, 77\%. Correcting for extra selections due to errors, mean bit rate was also significantly higher for the CBP, 23 bits/min, than for the RCP, 17 bits/min. Moreover, the two paradigms produced significantly different waveforms. Initial tests with three advanced ALS participants produced similar results. Furthermore, these individuals preferred the CBP to the RCP.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results suggest that the CBP is markedly superior to the RCP in performance and user acceptability.
SIGNIFICANCE:
The CBP has the potential to provide a substantially more effective BCI than the RCP. This is especially important for people with severe neuromuscular disabilities.},
	keywords = {brain-computer interface, brain-machine interface, EEG, event-related potential, P300, Rehabilitation},
	issn = {1872-8952},
	doi = {10.1016/j.clinph.2010.01.030},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20347387},
	author = {Townsend, G. and LaPallo, B. K. and Chadwick B. Boulay and Krusienski, D. J. and Frye, G. E. and Hauser, C. K. and Schwartz, N. E. and Theresa M Vaughan and Jonathan Wolpaw and Sellers, E. W.}
}
