@article {3153,
	title = {Plasticity from muscle to brain.},
	journal = {Progress in neurobiology},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2006},
	month = {02/2006},
	pages = {233{\textendash}263},
	abstract = {Recognition that the entire central nervous system (CNS) is highly plastic, and that it changes continually throughout life, is a relatively new development. Until very recently, neuroscience has been dominated by the belief that the nervous system is hardwired and changes at only a few selected sites and by only a few mechanisms. Thus, it is particularly remarkable that Sir John Eccles, almost from the start of his long career nearly 80 years ago, focused repeatedly and productively on plasticity of many different kinds and in many different locations. He began with muscles, exploring their developmental plasticity and the functional effects of the level of motor unit activity and of cross-reinnervation. He moved into the spinal cord to study the effects of axotomy on motoneuron properties and the immediate and persistent functional effects of repetitive afferent stimulation. In work that combined these two areas, Eccles explored the influences of motoneurons and their muscle fibers on one another. He studied extensively simple spinal reflexes, especially stretch reflexes, exploring plasticity in these reflex pathways during development and in response to experimental manipulations of activity and innervation. In subsequent decades, Eccles focused on plasticity at central synapses in hippocampus, cerebellum, and neocortex. His endeavors extended from the plasticity associated with CNS lesions to the mechanisms responsible for the most complex and as yet mysterious products of neuronal plasticity, the substrates underlying learning and memory. At multiple levels, Eccles{\textquoteright} work anticipated and helped shape present-day hypotheses and experiments. He provided novel observations that introduced new problems, and he produced insights that continue to be the foundation of ongoing basic and clinical research. This article reviews Eccles{\textquoteright} experimental and theoretical contributions and their relationships to current endeavors and concepts. It emphasizes aspects of his contributions that are less well known at present and yet are directly relevant to contemporary issues.},
	keywords = {activity-dependent, John Eccles, Learning, Memory, motor unit, muscle, plasticity, Spinal Cord},
	issn = {0301-0082},
	doi = {10.1016/j.pneurobio.2006.03.001},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16647181},
	author = {Jonathan Wolpaw and Jonathan S. Carp}
}
@article {3171,
	title = {The volitional nature of the simplest reflex.},
	journal = {Acta neurobiologiae experimentalis},
	volume = {53},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {103{\textendash}111},
	abstract = {Recent studies suggest that none of the behaviors of the vertebrate CNS are fixed responses incapable of change. Even the simplest reflex of all, the two-neuron, monosynaptic spinal stretch reflex (SSR), undergoes adaptive change under appropriate circumstances. Operantly conditioned SSR change occurs gradually over days and weeks and is associated with a complex pattern of CNS plasticity at both spinal and supraspinal sites.},
	keywords = {behavior, Brain, conditioning, human physiology, Learning, Memory, motoneuron, nature, primate, Reflex, Spinal Cord, spinal site, supra spinal site, vertebrate},
	issn = {0065-1400},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8317238},
	author = {Jonathan Wolpaw and Jonathan S. Carp}
}
@article {3178,
	title = {Memory traces in spinal cord produced by H-reflex conditioning: effects of post-tetanic potentiation.},
	journal = {Neuroscience letters},
	volume = {103},
	year = {1989},
	month = {08/1989},
	pages = {113{\textendash}119},
	abstract = {Operant conditioning of the wholly spinal, largely monosynaptic triceps surae H-reflex in monkeys causes changes in lumbosacral spinal cord that persist after removal of supraspinal influence. We evaluated the interaction between post-tetanic potentiation and these memory traces. Animals in which the triceps surae H-reflex in one leg had been increased or decreased by conditioning were deeply anesthetized, and monosynaptic reflexes to L6-S1 dorsal root stimulation were recorded before and after tetanization from both legs for 3 days after thoracic cord transection. Animals remained anesthetized throughout and were sacrificed by overdose. Reflex asymmetries consistent with the effect of H-reflex conditioning were present after transection and persisted through the 3 days of study. Tetanization affected conditioned leg and control leg reflexes similarly. This finding suggests that, while post-tetanic potentiation and probably H-reflex conditioning alter Ia synaptic transmission, the two phenomena have different mechanisms.},
	keywords = {conditioning, Learning, Memory, motoneuron, potentiation, primate, spinal reflex},
	issn = {0304-3940},
	doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(89)90495-3},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2779852},
	author = {Jonathan Wolpaw and Jonathan S. Carp and Lee, C. L.}
}
