@article {3387,
	title = {Operant conditioning of spinal reflexes: from basic science to clinical therapy.},
	journal = {Front Integr Neurosci},
	volume = {8},
	year = {2014},
	month = {03/2014},
	pages = {25},
	abstract = {New appreciation of the adaptive capabilities of the nervous system, recent recognition that most spinal cord injuries are incomplete, and progress in enabling regeneration are generating growing interest in novel rehabilitation therapies. Here we review the 35-year evolution of one promising new approach, operant conditioning of spinal reflexes. This work began in the late 1970{\textquoteright}s as basic science; its purpose was to develop and exploit a uniquely accessible model for studying the acquisition and maintenance of a simple behavior in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The model was developed first in monkeys and then in rats, mice, and humans. Studies with it showed that the ostensibly simple behavior (i.e., a larger or smaller reflex) rests on a complex hierarchy of brain and spinal cord plasticity; and current investigations are delineating this plasticity and its interactions with the plasticity that supports other behaviors. In the last decade, the possible therapeutic uses of reflex conditioning have come under study, first in rats and then in humans. The initial results are very exciting, and they are spurring further studies. At the same time, the original basic science purpose and the new clinical purpose are enabling and illuminating each other in unexpected ways. The long course and current state of this work illustrate the practical importance of basic research and the valuable synergy that can develop between basic science questions and clinical needs.},
	keywords = {H-Reflex, learning and memory, Locomotion, spinal cord injury, spinal cord plasticity},
	issn = {1662-5145},
	doi = {10.3389/fnint.2014.00025},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24672441},
	author = {Thompson, Aiko K and Jonathan Wolpaw}
}
@article {3100,
	title = {Reflex conditioning: a new strategy for improving motor function after spinal cord injury.},
	journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
	volume = {1198 Suppl 1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {06/2010},
	pages = {E12{\textendash}E21},
	abstract = {Spinal reflex conditioning changes reflex size, induces spinal cord plasticity, and modifies locomotion. Appropriate reflex conditioning can improve walking in rats after spinal cord injury (SCI). Reflex conditioning offers a new therapeutic strategy for restoring function in people with SCI. This approach can address the specific deficits of individuals with SCI by targeting specific reflex pathways for increased or decreased responsiveness. In addition, once clinically significant regeneration can be achieved, reflex conditioning could provide a means of reeducating the newly (and probably imperfectly) reconnected spinal cord.},
	keywords = {H-Reflex, learning and memory, Locomotion, plasticity, reflex conditioning, Rehabilitation, spinal cord injury},
	issn = {1749-6632},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05565.x},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20590534},
	author = {Xiang Yang Chen and Yi Chen and Wang, Yu and Thompson, Aiko and Jonathan S. Carp and Segal, Richard L. and Jonathan Wolpaw}
}
@article {3110,
	title = {H-reflex down-conditioning greatly increases the number of identifiable GABAergic interneurons in rat ventral horn.},
	journal = {Neuroscience letters},
	volume = {452},
	year = {2009},
	month = {03/2009},
	pages = {124{\textendash}129},
	abstract = {H-reflex down-conditioning increases GABAergic terminals on spinal cord motoneurons. To explore the origins of these terminals, we studied the numbers and distributions of spinal cord GABAergic interneurons. The number of identifiable GABAergic interneurons in the ventral horn was 78\% greater in rats in which down-conditioning was successful than in naive rats or rats in which down-conditioning failed. No increase occurred in other spinal lamina or on the contralateral side. This finding supports the hypothesis that the corticospinal tract influence that induces the motoneuron plasticity underlying down-conditioning reaches the motoneuron through GABAergic interneurons in the ventral horn.},
	keywords = {activity-dependent plasticity, GABAergic interneurons, H-reflex conditioning, learning and memory, Motor control, Spinal Cord},
	issn = {0304-3940},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.054},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19383426},
	author = {Wang, Yu and Pillai, Shreejith and Jonathan Wolpaw and Xiang Yang Chen}
}
