@article {3384, title = {Long-term recording of external urethral sphincter EMG activity in unanesthetized, unrestrained rats.}, journal = {Am J Physiol Renal Physiol}, volume = {307}, year = {2014}, month = {08/2014}, pages = {F485-97}, abstract = {

The external urethral sphincter muscle (EUS) plays an important role in urinary function and often contributes to urinary dysfunction. EUS study would benefit from methodology for longitudinal recording of electromyographic activity (EMG) in unanesthetized animals, but this muscle is a poor substrate for chronic intramuscular electrodes, and thus the required methodology has not been available. We describe a method for long-term recording of EUS EMG by implantation of fine wires adjacent to the EUS that are secured to the pubic bone. Wires pass subcutaneously to a skull-mounted plug and connect to the recording apparatus by a flexible cable attached to a commutator. A force transducer-mounted cup under a metabolic cage collected urine, allowing recording of EUS EMG and voided urine weight without anesthesia or restraint. Implant durability permitted EUS EMG recording during repeated (up to 3 times weekly) 24-h sessions for more than 8 wk. EMG and voiding properties were stable over weeks 2-8. The degree of EUS phasic activity (bursting) during voiding was highly variable, with an average of 25\% of voids not exhibiting bursting. Electrode implantation adjacent to the EUS yielded stable EMG recordings over extended periods and eliminated the confounding effects of anesthesia, physical restraint, and the potential for dislodgment of the chronically implanted intramuscular electrodes. These results show that micturition in unanesthetized, unrestrained rats is usually, but not always, associated with EUS bursting. This methodology is applicable to studying EUS behavior during progression of gradually evolving disease and injury models and in response to therapeutic interventions.

}, keywords = {Animals, Electrodes, Implanted, Electromyography, Female, Pubic Bone, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Urethra, Urination, Urodynamics}, issn = {1522-1466}, doi = {10.1152/ajprenal.00059.2014}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24990895}, author = {LaPallo, Brandon K and Jonathan Wolpaw and Xiang Yang Chen and Jonathan S. Carp} } @article {2186, title = {Two-dimensional movement control using electrocorticographic signals in humans.}, journal = {J Neural Eng}, volume = {5}, year = {2008}, month = {03/2008}, pages = {75-84}, abstract = {

We show here that a\ brain-computer\ interface (BCI) using electrocorticographic activity (ECoG) and imagined or overt motor tasks enables humans to control a\ computer\ cursor in two dimensions. Over a brief training period of 12-36 min, each of five human subjects acquired substantial control of particular ECoG features recorded from several locations over the same hemisphere, and achieved average success rates of 53-73\% in a two-dimensional four-target center-out task in which chance accuracy was 25\%. Our results support the expectation that ECoG-based BCIs can combine high performance with technical and\ clinical\ practicality, and also indicate promising directions for further research.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Adult, Brain Mapping, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Drug Resistance, Electrocardiography, Electrodes, Implanted, Electroencephalography, Epilepsy, Female, Humans, Male, Movement, User-Computer Interface}, issn = {1741-2560}, doi = {10.1088/1741-2560/5/1/008}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18310813}, author = {Gerwin Schalk and Miller, K.J. and Nicholas R Anderson and Adam J Wilson and Smyth, Matt and Ojemann, J G and Moran, D and Jonathan Wolpaw and Leuthardt, E C} } @article {2168, title = {A brain-computer interface using electrocorticographic signals in humans.}, journal = {J Neural Eng}, volume = {1}, year = {2004}, month = {06/2004}, pages = {63-71}, abstract = {

Brain-computer interfaces\ (BCIs) enable users to control devices with electroencephalographic (EEG) activity from the scalp or with single-neuron activity from within the\ brain. Both methods have disadvantages: EEG has limited resolution and requires extensive training, while single-neuron recording entails significant clinical risks and has limited stability. We demonstrate here for the first time that electrocorticographic (ECoG) activity recorded from the surface of the\ brain\ can enable users to control a one-dimensional\ computer\ cursor rapidly and accurately. We first identified ECoG signals that were associated with different types of motor and speech imagery. Over brief training periods of 3-24 min, four patients then used these signals to master closed-loop control and to achieve success rates of 74-100\% in a one-dimensional binary task. In additional open-loop experiments, we found that ECoG signals at frequencies up to 180 Hz encoded substantial information about the direction of two-dimensional joystick movements. Our results suggest that an ECoG-based BCI could provide for people with severe motor disabilities a non-muscular communication and control option that is more powerful than EEG-based BCIs and is potentially more stable and less traumatic than BCIs that use electrodes penetrating the\ brain.

}, keywords = {Adult, Brain, Communication Aids for Disabled, Computer Peripherals, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Electrodes, Implanted, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Imagination, Male, Movement Disorders, User-Computer Interface}, issn = {1741-2560}, doi = {10.1088/1741-2560/1/2/001}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15876624}, author = {Leuthardt, E C and Gerwin Schalk and Jonathan Wolpaw and Ojemann, J G and Moran, D} }