@article {4450,
	title = {Towards clinical application of implantable brain-computer interfaces for people with late-stage ALS: medical and ethical considerations.},
	journal = {J Neurol},
	volume = {270},
	year = {2023},
	month = {03/2023},
	pages = {1323-1336},
	abstract = {<p>Individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) frequently develop speech and communication problems in the course of their disease. Currently available augmentative and alternative communication technologies do not present a solution for many people with advanced ALS, because these devices depend on residual and reliable motor activity. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) use neural signals for computer control and may allow people with late-stage ALS to communicate even when conventional technology falls short. Recent years have witnessed fast progression in the development and validation of implanted BCIs, which place neural signal recording electrodes in or on the cortex. Eventual widespread clinical application of implanted BCIs as an assistive communication technology for people with ALS will have significant consequences for their daily life, as well as for the clinical management of the disease,~among others because of the potential interaction between the BCI and other procedures people with ALS undergo, such as tracheostomy. This article aims to facilitate responsible real-world implementation of implanted BCIs. We review the state of the art of research on implanted BCIs for communication, as well as the medical and ethical implications of the clinical application of this technology. We conclude that the contribution of all BCI stakeholders, including clinicians of the various ALS-related disciplines, will be needed to develop procedures for, and shape the process of, the responsible clinical application of implanted BCIs.</p>},
	keywords = {Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, brain-computer interfaces, Electroencephalography, Humans, Self-Help Devices, Speech},
	issn = {1432-1459},
	doi = {10.1007/s00415-022-11464-6},
	author = {Vansteensel, Mariska J and Klein, Eran and van Thiel, Ghislaine and Gaytant, Michael and Simmons, Zachary and Wolpaw, Jonathan R and Vaughan, Theresa M}
}
@article {4363,
	title = {Recommendations for Responsible Development and Application of Neurotechnologies.},
	journal = {Neuroethics},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2021},
	month = {2021},
	pages = {365-386},
	abstract = {<p>Advancements in novel neurotechnologies, such as brain computer interfaces (BCI) and neuromodulatory devices such as deep brain stimulators (DBS), will have profound implications for society and human rights. While these technologies are improving the diagnosis and treatment of mental and neurological diseases, they can also alter individual agency and estrange those using neurotechnologies from their sense of self, challenging basic notions of what it means to be human. As an international coalition of interdisciplinary scholars and practitioners, we examine these challenges and make recommendations to mitigate negative consequences that could arise from the unregulated development or application of novel neurotechnologies. We explore potential ethical challenges in four key areas: identity and agency, privacy, bias, and enhancement. To address them, we propose (1) democratic and inclusive summits to establish globally-coordinated ethical and societal guidelines for neurotechnology development and application, (2) new measures, including "Neurorights," for data privacy, security, and consent to empower neurotechnology users{\textquoteright} control over their data, (3) new methods of identifying and preventing bias, and (4) the adoption of public guidelines for safe and equitable distribution of neurotechnological devices.</p>},
	issn = {1874-5490},
	doi = {10.1007/s12152-021-09468-6},
	author = {Goering, Sara and Klein, Eran and Specker Sullivan, Laura and Wexler, Anna and Ag{\"u}era Y Arcas, Blaise and Bi, Guoqiang and Carmena, Jose M and Fins, Joseph J and Friesen, Phoebe and Gallant, Jack and Huggins, Jane E and Kellmeyer, Philipp and Marblestone, Adam and Mitchell, Christine and Parens, Erik and Pham, Michelle and Rubel, Alan and Sadato, Norihiro and Teicher, Mina and Wasserman, David and Whittaker, Meredith and Wolpaw, Jonathan and Yuste, Rafael}
}
