@article {4461, title = {Comparisons of electrophysiological markers of impaired executive attention after traumatic brain injury and in healthy aging.}, journal = {Neuroimage}, volume = {274}, year = {2023}, month = {07/2023}, pages = {120126}, abstract = {

Executive attention impairments are a persistent and debilitating consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). To make headway towards treating and predicting outcomes following heterogeneous TBI, cognitive impairment specific pathophysiology first needs to be characterized. In a prospective observational study, we measured EEG during the attention network test aimed at detecting alerting, orienting, executive attention and processing speed. The sample (N~=~110) of subjects aged 18-86 included those with and without traumatic brain injury: n~=~27, complicated mild TBI; n~=~5, moderate TBI; n~=~10, severe TBI; n~=~63, non-brain-injured controls. Subjects with TBI had impairments in processing speed and executive attention. Electrophysiological markers of executive attention processing in the midline frontal regions reveal that, as a group, those with TBI and elderly non-brain-injured controls have reduced responses. We also note that those with TBI and elderly controls have responses that are similar for both low and high-demand trials. In subjects with moderate-severe TBI, reductions in frontal cortical activation and performance profiles are both similar to that of controls who are \~{}4 to 7 years older. Our specific observations of frontal response reductions in subjects with TBI and in older adults is consistent with the suggested role of the anterior forebrain mesocircuit as underlying cognitive impairments. Our results provide novel correlative data linking specific pathophysiological mechanisms underlying domain-specific cognitive deficits following TBI and with normal aging. Collectively, our findings provide biomarkers that may serve to track therapeutic interventions and guide development of targeted therapeutics following brain injuries.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aging, Biomarkers, Brain Injuries, Brain Injuries, Traumatic, Executive Function, Healthy Aging, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests}, issn = {1095-9572}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120126}, author = {Kim, Nayoung and Jamison, Keith and Jaywant, Abhishek and Garetti, Jacob and Blunt, Emily and RoyChoudhury, Arindam and Butler, Tracy and Dams-O{\textquoteright}Connor, Kristen and Khedr, Shahenda and Chen, Chun-Cheng and Shetty, Teena and Winchell, Robert and Hill, N Jeremy and Schiff, Nicholas D and Kuceyeski, Amy and Shah, Sudhin A} } @article {3393, title = {Modality specificity is the preferred method for diagnosing the auditory processing disorder (APD): response to Moore and Ferguson.}, journal = {J Am Acad Audiol}, volume = {25}, year = {2014}, month = {08/2014}, pages = {698-9}, keywords = {Auditory Perception, Auditory Perceptual Disorders, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychoacoustics}, issn = {2157-3107}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25365373}, author = {Dennis J. McFarland and Cacace, Anthony T} } @article {3392, title = {Modality Specificity trumps other methods for diagnosing the auditory processing disorder (APD): response to Dillon et al.}, journal = {J Am Acad Audiol}, volume = {25}, year = {2014}, month = {08/2014}, pages = {703-5}, keywords = {Auditory Perception, Auditory Perceptual Disorders, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychoacoustics}, issn = {2157-3107}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25365375}, author = {Cacace, Anthony T and Dennis J. McFarland} } @article {3407, title = {Real-time functional mapping: potential tool for improving language outcome in pediatric epilepsy surgery.}, journal = {J Neurosurg Pediatr}, volume = {14}, year = {2014}, month = {09/2014}, pages = {287-95}, abstract = {

Accurate language localization expands surgical treatment options for epilepsy patients and reduces the risk of postsurgery language deficits. Electrical cortical stimulation mapping (ESM) is considered to be the clinical gold standard for language localization. While ESM affords clinically valuable results, it can be poorly tolerated by children, requires active participation and compliance, carries a risk of inducing seizures, is highly time consuming, and is labor intensive. Given these limitations, alternative and/or complementary functional localization methods such as analysis of electrocorticographic (ECoG) activity in high gamma frequency band in real time are needed to precisely identify eloquent cortex in children. In this case report, the authors examined 1) the use of real-time functional mapping (RTFM) for language localization in a high gamma frequency band derived from ECoG to guide surgery in an epileptic pediatric patient and 2) the relationship of RTFM mapping results to postsurgical language outcomes. The authors found that RTFM demonstrated relatively high sensitivity (75\%) and high specificity (90\%) when compared with ESM in a "next-neighbor" analysis. While overlapping with ESM in the superior temporal region, RTFM showed a few other areas of activation related to expressive language function, areas that were eventually resected during the surgery. The authors speculate that this resection may be associated with observed postsurgical expressive language deficits. With additional validation in more subjects, this finding would suggest that surgical planning and associated assessment of the risk/benefit ratio would benefit from information provided by RTFM mapping.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Anticonvulsants, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Epilepsies, Partial, Female, Humans, Language, Neuropsychological Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Speech}, issn = {1933-0715}, doi = {10.3171/2014.6.PEDS13477}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24995815}, author = {Korostenskaja, Milena and Chen, Po-Ching and Salinas, Christine M and Westerveld, Michael and Peter Brunner and Gerwin Schalk and Cook, Jane C and Baumgartner, James and Lee, Ki H} } @article {3398, title = {A single g factor is not necessary to simulate positive correlations between cognitive tests.}, journal = {J Clin Exp Neuropsychol}, volume = {34}, year = {2012}, month = {01/2012}, pages = {378-84}, abstract = {In the area of abilities testing, one issue of continued dissent is whether abilities are best conceptualized as manifestations of a single underlying general factor or as reflecting the combination of multiple traits that may be dissociable. The fact that diverse cognitive tests tend to be positively correlated has been taken as evidence for a single general ability or "g" factor. In the present study, simulations of test performance were run to evaluate the hypothesis that multiple independent abilities that affect test performance in a consistent manner will produce a positive manifold. Correlation matrices were simulated from models using either one or eight independent factors. The extent to which these factors operated in a consistent manner across tests (i.e., that a factor that facilitates performance on one test tends to facilitate performance on other tests) was manipulated by varying the mean value of the randomly selected weights. The tendency of both a single factor and eight independent factors to produce positive correlations increased as the randomly selected weights operated in a more consistent fashion. Thus the presence of a positive manifold in the correlations between diverse cognitive tests does not provide differential support for either single factor or multiple factor models of general abilities.}, keywords = {Aptitude, Cognition, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Neuropsychological Tests}, issn = {1744-411X}, doi = {10.1080/13803395.2011.645018}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22260190}, author = {Dennis J. McFarland} } @article {2204, title = {Nonuniform high-gamma (60-500 Hz) power changes dissociate cognitive task and anatomy in human cortex.}, journal = {J Neurosci}, volume = {31}, year = {2011}, month = {02/2011}, pages = {2091-100}, abstract = {

High-gamma-band (\>60 Hz) power changes in cortical electrophysiology are a reliable indicator of focal, event-related cortical activity. Despite discoveries of oscillatory subthreshold and synchronous suprathreshold activity at the cellular level, there is an increasingly popular view that high-gamma-band amplitude changes recorded from cellular ensembles are the result of asynchronous firing activity that yields wideband and uniform power increases. Others have demonstrated independence of power changes in the low- and high-gamma bands, but to date, no studies have shown evidence of any such independence above 60 Hz. Based on nonuniformities in time-frequency analyses of electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals, we hypothesized that induced high-gamma-band (60-500 Hz) power changes are more heterogeneous than currently understood. Using single-word repetition tasks in six human subjects, we showed that functional responsiveness of different ECoG high-gamma sub-bands can discriminate cognitive task (e.g., hearing, reading, speaking) and cortical locations. Power changes in these sub-bands of the high-gamma range are consistently present within single trials and have statistically different time courses within the trial structure. Moreover, when consolidated across all subjects within three task-relevant anatomic regions (sensorimotor, Broca{\textquoteright}s area, and superior temporal gyrus), these behavior- and location-dependent power changes evidenced nonuniform\ trends\ across the population. Together, the independence and nonuniformity of power changes across a broad range of frequencies suggest that a new approach to evaluating high-gamma-band cortical activity is necessary. These findings show that in addition to time and location, frequency is another fundamental dimension of high-gamma dynamics.

}, keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Brain Mapping, Brain Waves, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition Disorders, Electroencephalography, Epilepsy, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Nonlinear Dynamics, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Spectrum Analysis, Time Factors, Vocabulary}, issn = {1529-2401}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4722-10.2011}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21307246}, author = {Charles M Gaona and Sharma, Mohit and Zachary V. Freudenberg and Breshears, Jonathan and Bundy, David T and Roland, Jarod and Barbour, Dennis L and Gerwin Schalk and Leuthardt, E C} } @article {2194, title = {Brain-computer interfacing based on cognitive control.}, journal = {Ann Neurol}, volume = {67}, year = {2010}, month = {06/2010}, pages = {809-16}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE:\ 

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) translate deliberate intentions and associated changes in brain activity into action, thereby offering patients with severe paralysis an alternative means of communication with and control over their environment. Such systems are not available yet, partly due to the high performance standard that is required. A major challenge in the development of implantable BCIs is to identify cortical regions and related functions that an individual can reliably and consciously manipulate. Research predominantly focuses on the sensorimotor cortex, which can be activated by imagining motor actions. However, because this region may not provide an optimal solution to all patients, other neuronal networks need to be examined. Therefore, we investigated whether the cognitive control network can be used for BCI purposes. We also determined the feasibility of using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for noninvasive localization of the cognitive control network.

METHODS:\ 

Three patients with intractable epilepsy, who were temporarily implanted with subdural grid electrodes for diagnostic purposes, attempted to gain BCI control using the electrocorticographic (ECoG) signal of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).

RESULTS:\ 

All subjects quickly gained accurate BCI control by modulation of gamma-power of the left DLPFC. Prelocalization of the relevant region was performed with fMRI and was confirmed using the ECoG signals obtained during mental calculation localizer tasks.

INTERPRETATION:\ 

The results indicate that the cognitive control network is a suitable source of signals for BCI applications. They also demonstrate the feasibility of translating understanding about cognitive networks derived from functional neuroimaging into clinical applications.

}, keywords = {Cognition, Computers, Electrodes, Electroencephalography, Epilepsy, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neuropsychological Tests, Oxygen, Prefrontal Cortex, Psychomotor Performance, Spectrum Analysis, Time Factors, User-Computer Interface}, issn = {1531-8249}, doi = {10.1002/ana.21985}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20517943}, author = {Vansteensel, Mariska J and Hermes, Dora and Aarnoutse, Erik J and Bleichner, Martin G and Gerwin Schalk and van Rijen, Peter C and Leijten, Frans S S and Ramsey, Nick F} }