02937nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245009000055210006900145260001200214300001000226490000600236520216200242653002402404653003202428653002702460653001402487653003302501100001702534700002502551700002202576700001802598700001902616856004802635       2014                        eng d  a2213-158200aLocalizing ECoG electrodes on the cortical anatomy without post-implantation imaging.0 aLocalizing ECoG electrodes on the cortical anatomy without posti  c08/2014  a64-760 v63 a<p><b>INTRODUCTION: </b>Electrocorticographic (ECoG) grids are placed subdurally on the cortex in people undergoing cortical resection to delineate eloquent cortex. ECoG signals have high spatial and temporal resolution and thus can be valuable for neuroscientific research. The value of these data is highest when they can be related to the cortical anatomy. Existing methods that establish this relationship rely either on post-implantation imaging using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or X-Rays, or on intra-operative photographs. For research purposes, it is desirable to localize ECoG electrodes on the brain anatomy even when post-operative imaging is not available or when intra-operative photographs do not readily identify anatomical landmarks.</p><p><b>METHODS: </b>We developed a method to co-register ECoG electrodes to the underlying cortical anatomy using only a pre-operative MRI, a clinical neuronavigation device (such as BrainLab VectorVision), and fiducial markers. To validate our technique, we compared our results to data collected from six subjects who also had post-grid implantation imaging available. We compared the electrode coordinates obtained by our fiducial-based method to those obtained using existing methods, which are based on co-registering pre- and post-grid implantation images.</p><p><b>RESULTS: </b>Our fiducial-based method agreed with the MRI-CT method to within an average of 8.24 mm (mean, median = 7.10 mm) across 6 subjects in 3 dimensions. It showed an average discrepancy of 2.7 mm when compared to the results of the intra-operative photograph method in a 2D coordinate system. As this method does not require post-operative imaging such as CTs, our technique should prove useful for research in intra-operative single-stage surgery scenarios. To demonstrate the use of our method, we applied our method during real-time mapping of eloquent cortex during a single-stage surgery. The results demonstrated that our method can be applied intra-operatively in the absence of post-operative imaging to acquire ECoG signals that can be valuable for neuroscientific investigations.</p>10aauditory processing10aelectrocorticography (ECoG)10aelectrode localization10afiducials10ainteraoperative localization1 aGupta, Disha1 aHill, Jeremy, Jeremy1 aAdamo, Matthew, A1 aRitaccio, A L1 aSchalk, Gerwin  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25379417