01741nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245008200055210006900137260001200206300001400218490000700232520097500239653000801214653002901222653002201251653002401273100003201297700002601329700002001355700002401375700001901399700002101418856004801439       2009                        eng d  a1873-624600aA scanning protocol for a sensorimotor rhythm-based brain-computer interface.0 ascanning protocol for a sensorimotor rhythmbased braincomputer i  c02/2009  a169–1750 v803 aThe scanning protocol is a novel brain-computer interface (BCI) implementation that can be controlled with sensorimotor rhythms (SMRs) of the electroencephalogram (EEG). The user views a screen that shows four choices in a linear array with one marked as target. The four choices are successively highlighted for 2.5s each. When a target is highlighted, the user can select it by modulating the SMR. An advantage of this method is the capacity to choose among multiple choices with just one learned SMR modulation. Each of 10 naive users trained for ten 30 min sessions over 5 weeks. User performance improved significantly (p<0.001) over the sessions and ranged from 30 to 80% mean accuracy of the last three sessions (chance accuracy=25%). The incidence of correct selections depended on the target position. These results suggest that, with further improvements, a scanning protocol can be effective. The ultimate goal is to expand it to a large matrix of selections.10aBCI10abrain-computer interface10ascanning protocol10asensorimotor rhythm1 aFriedrich, Elisabeth, V. C.1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.1 aNeuper, Christa1 aVaughan, Theresa, M1 aBrunner, Peter1 aWolpaw, Jonathan  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1878660301505nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245010600055210006900161260001200230300001400242490000800256520087000264653001501134653000801149653002201157100002601179700002501205700002101230856004801251       2006                        eng d  a0079-612300aBrain-computer interface signal processing at the Wadsworth Center: mu and sensorimotor beta rhythms.0 aBraincomputer interface signal processing at the Wadsworth Cente  c02/2006  a411–4190 v1593 aThe Wadsworth brain-computer interface (BCI), based on mu and beta sensorimotor rhythms, uses one- and two-dimensional cursor movement tasks and relies on user training. This is a real-time closed-loop system. Signal processing consists of channel selection, spatial filtering, and spectral analysis. Feature translation uses a regression approach and normalization. Adaptation occurs at several points in this process on the basis of different criteria and methods. It can use either feedforward (e.g., estimating the signal mean for normalization) or feedback control (e.g., estimating feature weights for the prediction equation). We view this process as the interaction between a dynamic user and a dynamic system that coadapt over time. Understanding the dynamics of this interaction and optimizing its performance represent a major challenge for BCI research.10aadaptation10aBCI10aSignal Processing1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.1 aKrusienski, Dean, J.1 aWolpaw, Jonathan  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17071245