02228nas a2200181   4500008004100000022001400041245004300055210004100098260001200139300001400151490000700165520173200172653002801904100002001932700002501952700002101977856004801998       2012                        eng d  a1942-554600aBrain-computer interfaces in medicine.0 aBraincomputer interfaces in medicine  c03/2012  a268–2790 v873 aBrain-computer interfaces (BCIs) acquire brain signals, analyze them, and translate them into commands that are relayed to output devices that carry out desired actions. BCIs do not use normal neuromuscular output pathways. The main goal of BCI is to replace or restore useful function to people disabled by neuromuscular disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, or spinal cord injury. From initial demonstrations of electroencephalography-based spelling and single-neuron-based device control, researchers have gone on to use electroencephalographic, intracortical, electrocorticographic, and other brain signals for increasingly complex control of cursors, robotic arms, prostheses, wheelchairs, and other devices. Brain-computer interfaces may also prove useful for rehabilitation after stroke and for other disorders. In the future, they might augment the performance of surgeons or other medical professionals. Brain-computer interface technology is the focus of a rapidly growing research and development enterprise that is greatly exciting scientists, engineers, clinicians, and the public in general. Its future achievements will depend on advances in 3 crucial areas. Brain-computer interfaces need signal-acquisition hardware that is convenient, portable, safe, and able to function in all environments. Brain-computer interface systems need to be validated in long-term studies of real-world use by people with severe disabilities, and effective and viable models for their widespread dissemination must be implemented. Finally, the day-to-day and moment-to-moment reliability of BCI performance must be improved so that it approaches the reliability of natural muscle-based function.10aUser-Computer Interface1 aShih, Jerry, J.1 aKrusienski, Dean, J.1 aWolpaw, Jonathan  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2232536401458nas a2200169   4500008004100000022001400041245011700055210006900172260001200241300001400253490000700267520089200274653002801166100002501194700002101219856004801240       2009                        eng d  a0074-774200aBrain-computer interface research at the wadsworth center developments in noninvasive communication and control.0 aBraincomputer interface research at the wadsworth center develop  c02/2009  a147–1570 v863 aBrain-computer interface (BCI) research at the Wadsworth Center focuses on noninvasive, electroencephalography (EEG)-based BCI methods for helping severely disabled individuals communicate and interact with their environment. We have demonstrated that these individuals, as well as able-bodied individuals, can learn to use sensorimotor rhythms (SMRs) to move a cursor rapidly and accurately in one and two dimensions. We have also developed a practical P300-based BCI that enables users to access and control the full functionality of their personal computer. We are currently translating this laboratory-proved BCI technology into a system that can be used by severely disabled individuals in their homes with minimal ongoing technical oversight. Our comprehensive approach to BCI design has led to several innovations that are applicable in other BCI contexts, such as space missions.10aUser-Computer Interface1 aKrusienski, Dean, J.1 aWolpaw, Jonathan  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1960799701945nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245008500055210006900140260001200209300001400221490000600235520133600241653002801577100002601605700002501631700002601656700002101682856004801703       2008                        eng d  a1741-256000aEmulation of computer mouse control with a noninvasive brain-computer interface.0 aEmulation of computer mouse control with a noninvasive braincomp  c06/2008  a101–1100 v53 aBrain-computer interface (BCI) technology can provide nonmuscular communication and control to people who are severely paralyzed. BCIs can use noninvasive or invasive techniques for recording the brain signals that convey the user's commands. Although noninvasive BCIs are used for simple applications, it has frequently been assumed that only invasive BCIs, which use electrodes implanted in the brain, will be able to provide multidimensional sequential control of a robotic arm or a neuroprosthesis. The present study shows that a noninvasive BCI using scalp-recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and an adaptive algorithm can provide people, including people with spinal cord injuries, with two-dimensional cursor movement and target selection. Multiple targets were presented around the periphery of a computer screen, with one designated as the correct target. The user's task was to use EEG to move a cursor from the center of the screen to the correct target and then to use an additional EEG feature to select the target. If the cursor reached an incorrect target, the user was instructed not to select it. Thus, this task emulated the key features of mouse operation. The results indicate that people with severe motor disabilities could use brain signals for sequential multidimensional movement and selection.10aUser-Computer Interface1 aMcFarland, Dennis, J.1 aKrusienski, Dean, J.1 aSarnacki, William, A.1 aWolpaw, Jonathan  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18367779