02345nas a2200229   4500008004100000022001400041245005800055210005700113260001200170300001400182490000600196520170800202653002201910100002001932700002201952700002001974700001801994700002002012700002102032700001502053856004702068       1996                        eng d  a1063-652800aTherapeutic neural effects of electrical stimulation.0 aTherapeutic neural effects of electrical stimulation  c12/1996  a218–2300 v43 aThe use of a functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) device can have therapeutic effects that persist when the device is not in use. Clinicians have reported changes in both voluntary and electrically assisted neuromuscular function and improvements in the condition of soft tissue. Motor recovery has been observed in people with incomplete spinal cord injury, stroke, or traumatic brain injury after the use of motor prostheses. Improvement in voluntary dorsiflexion and overall gait pattern has been reported both in the short term (several hours) and permanently. Electrical stimulation of skin over flexor muscles in the upper limb produced substantial reductions for up to 1 h in the severity of spasticity in brain-injured subjects, as measured by the change in torque generation during ramp-and-hold muscle stretch. There was typically an aggravation of the severity of spasticity when surface stimulation reached intensities sufficient to also excite muscle. Animals were trained to alter the size of the H-reflex to obtain a reward. The plasticity that underlies this operantly conditioned H-reflex change includes changes in the spinal cord itself. Comparable changes appear to occur with acquisition of certain motor skills. Current studies are exploring such changes in humans and animals with spinal cord injuries with the goal of using conditioning methods to assess function after injury and to promote and guide recovery of function. A better understanding of the mechanisms of neural plasticity, achieved through human and animal studies, may help us to design and implement FNS systems that have the potential to produce beneficial changes in the subject's central nervous systems.10aTreatment Outcome1 aDaly, Janis, J.1 aMarsolais, E., B.1 aMendell, L., M.1 aRymer, W., Z.1 aStefanovska, A.1 aWolpaw, Jonathan1 aKantor, C.  uhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8973948