01703nas a2200241   4500008004100000022002700041245009200068210006900160260001200229300001000241490000700251520086400258653001801122653003801140653003501178653002501213653002801238653002601266100001601292700001901308700001401327856012001341       2018                        eng d  a0736-0258/18/3502-008600aElectrical Stimulation Mapping of the Brain: Basic Principles and Emerging Alternatives0 aElectrical Stimulation Mapping of the Brain Basic Principles and  c03/2018  a86-970 v353 aThe application of electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) of the brain for clinical use is approximating a century. Despite this long-standing history, the value of ESM for guiding surgical resections and sparing eloquent cortex is documented largely by small retrospective studies, and ESM protocols are largely inherited and lack standardization. Although models are imperfect and mechanisms are complex, the probabilistic causality of ESM has guaranteed its perpetuation into the 21st century. At present, electrical stimulation of cortical tissue is being revisited for network connectivity. In addition, noninvasive and passive mapping techniques are rapidly evolving to complement and potentially replace ESM in specific clinical situations. Lesional and epilepsy neurosurgery cases now offer different opportunities for multimodal functional assessments.10aBrain Mapping10aCorticocortical-evoked potentials10aelectrical stimulation mapping10aElectrocorticography10aFunctional localization10aPassive gamma mapping1 aRitaccio, A1 aBrunner, Peter1 aSchalk, G  uhttps://journals.lww.com/clinicalneurophys/Abstract/2018/03000/Electrical_Stimulation_Mapping_of_the_Brain__.2.aspx02955nas a2200289   4500008004100000245010000041210006900141260001200210490000700222520214900229653000802378653003102386653000902417653001002426653002302436653001402459653001102473100001602484700001302500700001402513700001302527700001302540700001802553700001302571700001402584856006702598       2018                        eng d00aReal-time detection and discrimination of visual perception using electrocorticographic signals0 aRealtime detection and discrimination of visual perception using  c02/20180 v153 aSeveral neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that the ventral temporal cortex contains specialized regions that process visual stimuli. This study investigated the spatial and temporal dynamics of electrocorticographic (ECoG) responses to different types and colors of visual stimulation that were presented to four human participants, and demonstrated a real-time decoder that detects and discriminates responses to untrained natural images. Approach. ECoG signals from the participants were recorded while they were shown colored and greyscale versions of seven types of visual stimuli (images of faces, objects, bodies, line drawings, digits, and kanji and hiragana characters), resulting in 14 classes for discrimination (experiment I). Additionally, a real-time system asynchronously classified ECoG responses to faces, kanji and black screens presented via a monitor (experiment II), or to natural scenes (i.e. the face of an experimenter, natural images of faces and kanji, and a mirror) (experiment III). Outcome measures in all experiments included the discrimination performance across types based on broadband γ activity. Main results. Experiment I demonstrated an offline classification accuracy of 72.9% when discriminating among the seven types (without color separation). Further discrimination of grey versus colored images reached an accuracy of 67.1%. Discriminating all colors and types (14 classes) yielded an accuracy of 52.1%. In experiment II and III, the real-time decoder correctly detected 73.7% responses to face, kanji and black computer stimuli and 74.8% responses to presented natural scenes. Significance. Seven different types and their color information (either grey or color) could be detected and discriminated using broadband γ activity. Discrimination performance maximized for combined spatial-temporal information. The discrimination of stimulus color information provided the first ECoG-based evidence for color-related population-level cortical broadband γ responses in humans. Stimulus categories can be detected by their ECoG responses in real time within 500 ms with respect to stimulus onset.10aBCI10aBrain–computer interface10aECoG10agamma10ahigh gamma mapping10areal-time10avisual1 aKapeller, C1 aOgawa, H1 aSchalk, G1 aKunii, N1 aCoon, WG1 aScharinger, J1 aGuger, C1 aKamada, K  uhttp://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-2552/aaa9f6/pdf