<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yi Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Yu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lu Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Chenyou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English, Arthur W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonathan Wolpaw</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiang Yang Chen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">H-reflex up-conditioning encourages recovery of EMG activity and H-reflexes after sciatic nerve transection and repair in rats.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conditioning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peripheral nerve</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reflex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spinal Cord</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21123559</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16128–16136</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Operant conditioning of the spinal stretch reflex or its electrical analog, the H-reflex, produces spinal cord plasticity and can thereby affect motoneuron responses to primary afferent input. To explore whether this conditioning can affect the functional outcome after peripheral nerve injury, we assessed the effect of up-conditioning soleus (SOL) H-reflex on SOL and tibialis anterior (TA) function after sciatic nerve transection and repair. Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with EMG electrodes in SOL and TA and stimulating cuffs on the posterior tibial nerve. After control data collection, the sciatic nerve was transected and repaired and the rat was exposed for 120 d to continued control data collection (TC rats) or SOL H-reflex up-conditioning (TU rats). At the end of data collection, motoneurons that had reinnervated SOL and TA were labeled retrogradely. Putative primary afferent terminals [i.e., terminals containing vesicular glutamate transporter-1 (VGLUT1)] on SOL motoneurons were studied immunohistochemically. SOL (and probably TA) background EMG activity recovered faster in TU rats than in TC rats, and the final recovered SOL H-reflex was significantly larger in TU than in TC rats. TU and TC rats had significantly fewer labeled motoneurons and higher proportions of double-labeled motoneurons than untransected rats. VGLUT1 terminals were significantly more numerous on SOL motoneurons of TU than TC rats. Combined with the larger H-reflexes in TU rats, this anatomical finding supports the hypothesis that SOL H-reflex up-conditioning strengthened primary afferent reinnervation of SOL motoneurons. These results suggest that H-reflex up-conditioning may improve functional recovery after nerve injury and repair.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonathan S. Carp</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tennissen, Ann M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiang Yang Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonathan Wolpaw</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diurnal H-reflex variation in mice.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">circadian rhythm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electromyography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">implanted electrodes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monosynaptic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reflex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spinal Cord</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">01/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16151781</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">168</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">517–528</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mice exhibit diurnal variation in complex motor behaviors, but little is known about diurnal variation in simple spinally mediated functions. This study describes diurnal variation in the H-reflex (HR), a wholly spinal and largely monosynaptic reflex. Six mice were implanted with tibial nerve cuff electrodes and electrodes in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, for recording of ongoing and nerve-evoked electromyographic activity (EMG). Stimulation and recording were under computer control 24 h/day. During a 10-day recording period, HR amplitude varied throughout the day, usually being larger in the dark than in the light. This diurnal HR variation could not be attributed solely to differences in the net ongoing level of descending and segmental excitation to the spinal cord or stimulus intensity. HRs were larger in the dark than in the light even after restricting the evoked responses to subsets of trials having similar ongoing EMG and M-responses. The diurnal variation in the HR was out of phase with that reported previously for rats, but was in phase with that observed in monkeys. These data, supported by those in other species, suggest that the supraspinal control of the excitability of the HR pathway varies throughout the day in a species-specific pattern. This variation should be taken into account in experimental and clinical studies of spinal reflexes recorded at different times of day.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiang Yang Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lu Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yi Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonathan Wolpaw</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Operant conditioning of reciprocal inhibition in rat soleus muscle.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of neurophysiology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reflex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stretch</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16807351</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2144–2150</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Operant conditioning of the H-reflex, the electrical analog of the spinal stretch reflex (SSR), induces activity-dependent plasticity in the spinal cord and might be used to improve locomotion after spinal cord injury. To further assess the potential clinical significance of spinal reflex conditioning, this study asks whether another well-defined spinal reflex pathway, the disynaptic pathway underlying reciprocal inhibition (RI), can also be operantly conditioned. Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with electromyographic (EMG) electrodes in right soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles and a stimulating cuff on the common peroneal (CP) nerve. When background EMG in both muscles remained in defined ranges, CP stimulation elicited the TA H-reflex and SOL RI. After collection of control data for 20 days, each rat was exposed for 50 days to up-conditioning (RIup mode) or down-conditioning (RIdown mode) in which food reward occurred if SOL RI evoked by CP stimulation was more (RIup mode) or less (RIdown mode) than a criterion. TA and SOL background EMG and TA M response remained stable. In every rat, RI conditioning was successful (i.e., change &gt; or =20% in the correct direction). In the RIup rats, final SOL RI averaged 171+/- 28% (mean +/- SE) of control, and final TA H-reflex averaged 114 +/- 14%. In the RIdown rats, final SOL RI averaged 37 +/- 13% of control, and final TA H-reflex averaged 60 +/- 18%. Final SOL RI and TA H-reflex sizes were significantly correlated. Thus like the SSR and the H-reflex, RI can be operantly conditioned; and conditioning one reflex can affect another reflex as well.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiang Yang Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonathan Wolpaw</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ablation of cerebellar nuclei prevents H-reflex down-conditioning in rats.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning &amp; memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reflex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vestibulo-Ocular</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">05/2005</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15930503</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">248–254</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">While studies of cerebellar involvement in learning and memory have described plasticity within the cerebellum, its role in acquisition of plasticity elsewhere in the CNS is largely unexplored. This study set out to determine whether the cerebellum is needed for acquisition of the spinal cord plasticity that underlies operantly conditioned decrease in the H-reflex, the electrical analog of the spinal stretch reflex. Rats in which the cerebellar output nuclei dentate and interpositus (DIN) had been ablated were exposed for 50 d to the H-reflex down-conditioning protocol. DIN ablation, which in itself had no significant long-term effect on H-reflex size, entirely prevented acquisition of a smaller H-reflex. Since previous studies show that corticospinal tract (CST) transection also prevents down-conditioning while transection of the rubrospinal tract and other major descending tracts does not, this result implies that DIN output that affects cortex is essential for generation of the CST activity that induces the spinal cord plasticity, which is, in turn, directly responsible for the smaller H-reflex. The result extends the role of the cerebellum in learning and memory to include participation in induction of plasticity elsewhere in the CNS, specifically in the spinal cord. The cerebellum might simply support processes in sensorimotor cortex or elsewhere that change the spinal cord, or the cerebellum itself might undergo plasticity similar to that occurring with vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) or eyeblink conditioning.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiang Yang Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lu Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonathan Wolpaw</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time course of H-reflex conditioning in the rat.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroscience letters</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conditioning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Memory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plasticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reflex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spinal Cord</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2001</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11290393</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">302</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85–88</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study sought to define the course of operantly conditioned change in the rat soleus H-reflex and to determine whether, like H-reflex conditioning and spinal stretch reflex conditioning in the monkey, it develops in distinct phases. Data from 33 rats in which the right soleus H-reflex was trained up (i.e. HRup mode) and 38 in which it was trained down (i.e. HRdown mode) were averaged to define the courses of H-reflex increase and decrease. In HRup rats, the H-reflex showed a large phase I increase within the first 2 days followed by gradual phase II increase that continued for weeks. In HRdown rats, the H-reflex appeared to show a small phase I decrease and then showed a gradual phase II decrease over weeks. In combination with other recent work, the data suggest that H-reflex conditioning begins with a rapid mode-appropriate alteration in corticospinal tract influence over the spinal arc of the H-reflex, which causes phase I change, and that the continuation of this altered influence induces gradual spinal cord plasticity that is responsible for phase II change. The results further establish the similarity of H-reflex conditioning in primates and rats. Thus, they encourage efforts to produce a single coherent model of the phenomenon based on data from the two species and indicate the potential clinical relevance of the rat data.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>