<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chadwick B. Boulay</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarnacki, W. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonathan Wolpaw</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dennis J. McFarland</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trained modulation of sensorimotor rhythms can affect reaction time.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">brain-computer interface</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EEG</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reaction Time</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21411366</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">122</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1820–1826</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE:
Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology might be useful for rehabilitation of motor function. This speculation is based on the premise that modifying the EEG will modify behavior, a proposition for which there is limited empirical data. The present study examined the possibility that voluntary modulation of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) can affect motor behavior in normal human subjects.
METHODS:
Six individuals performed a cued-reaction task with variable warning periods. A typical variable foreperiod effect was associated with SMR desynchronization. SMR features that correlated with reaction times were then used to control a two-target cursor movement BCI task. Following successful BCI training, an uncued reaction time task was embedded within the cursor movement task.
RESULTS:
Voluntarily increasing SMR beta rhythms was associated with longer reaction times than decreasing SMR beta rhythms.
CONCLUSIONS:
Voluntary modulation of EEG SMR can affect motor behavior.
SIGNIFICANCE:
These results encourage studies that integrate BCI training into rehabilitation protocols and examine its capacity to augment restoration of useful motor function.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Townsend, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LaPallo, B. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chadwick B. Boulay</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krusienski, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frye, G. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hauser, C. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schwartz, N. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theresa M Vaughan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonathan Wolpaw</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sellers, E. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A novel P300-based brain-computer interface stimulus presentation paradigm: moving beyond rows and columns.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">brain-computer interface</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">brain-machine interface</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EEG</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">event-related potential</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P300</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rehabilitation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20347387</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1109–1120</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE:
An electroencephalographic brain-computer interface (BCI) can provide a non-muscular means of communication for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or other neuromuscular disorders. We present a novel P300-based BCI stimulus presentation - the checkerboard paradigm (CBP). CBP performance is compared to that of the standard row/column paradigm (RCP) introduced by Farwell and Donchin (1988).
METHODS:
Using an 8x9 matrix of alphanumeric characters and keyboard commands, 18 participants used the CBP and RCP in counter-balanced fashion. With approximately 9-12 min of calibration data, we used a stepwise linear discriminant analysis for online classification of subsequent data.
RESULTS:
Mean online accuracy was significantly higher for the CBP, 92%, than for the RCP, 77%. Correcting for extra selections due to errors, mean bit rate was also significantly higher for the CBP, 23 bits/min, than for the RCP, 17 bits/min. Moreover, the two paradigms produced significantly different waveforms. Initial tests with three advanced ALS participants produced similar results. Furthermore, these individuals preferred the CBP to the RCP.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results suggest that the CBP is markedly superior to the RCP in performance and user acceptability.
SIGNIFICANCE:
The CBP has the potential to provide a substantially more effective BCI than the RCP. This is especially important for people with severe neuromuscular disabilities.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>