<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tan, Gansheng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huguenard, Anna L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donovan, Kara M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demarest, Phillip</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Xiaoxuan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Ziwei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adamek, Markus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lavine, Kory</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vellimana, Ananthv K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kummer, Terrance T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osbun, Joshua W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zipfel, Gregory J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brunner, Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leuthardt, Eric C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on cardiovascular function in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients: A randomized trial.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elife</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elife</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blood Pressure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electrocardiography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heart Rate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Subarachnoid Hemorrhage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vagus Nerve Stimulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025 Jan 09</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;BACKGROUND: &lt;/b&gt;Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is characterized by intense central inflammation, leading to substantial post-hemorrhagic complications such as vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. Given the anti-inflammatory effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) and its ability to promote brain plasticity, taVNS has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for SAH patients. However, the effects of taVNS on cardiovascular dynamics in critically ill patients, like those with SAH, have not yet been investigated. Given the association between cardiac complications and elevated risk of poor clinical outcomes after SAH, it is essential to characterize the cardiovascular effects of taVNS to ensure this approach is safe in this fragile population. Therefore, this study assessed the impact of both acute and repetitive taVNS on cardiovascular function.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;METHODS: &lt;/b&gt;In this randomized clinical trial, 24 SAH patients were assigned to either a taVNS treatment or a sham treatment group. During their stay in the intensive care unit, we monitored patient electrocardiogram readings and vital signs. We compared long-term changes in heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), QT interval, and blood pressure between the two groups. Additionally, we assessed the effects of acute taVNS by comparing cardiovascular metrics before, during, and after the intervention. We also explored acute cardiovascular biomarkers in patients exhibiting clinical improvement.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;RESULTS: &lt;/b&gt;We found that repetitive taVNS did not significantly alter heart rate, QT interval, blood pressure, or intracranial pressure (ICP). However, repetitive taVNS increased overall HRV and parasympathetic activity compared to the sham treatment. The increase in parasympathetic activity was most pronounced from 2 to 4 days after initial treatment (Cohen's  = 0.50). Acutely, taVNS increased heart rate, blood pressure, and peripheral perfusion index without affecting the corrected QT interval, ICP, or HRV. The acute post-treatment elevation in heart rate was more pronounced in patients who experienced a decrease of more than one point in their modified Rankin Score at the time of discharge.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSIONS: &lt;/b&gt;Our study found that taVNS treatment did not induce adverse cardiovascular effects, such as bradycardia or QT prolongation, supporting its development as a safe immunomodulatory treatment approach for SAH patients. The observed acute increase in heart rate after taVNS treatment may serve as a biomarker for SAH patients who could derive greater benefit from this treatment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;FUNDING: &lt;/b&gt;The American Association of Neurological Surgeons (ALH), The Aneurysm and AVM Foundation (ALH), The National Institutes of Health R01-EB026439, P41-EB018783, U24-NS109103, R21-NS128307 (ECL, PB), McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience (ECL, PB), and Fondazione Neurone (PB).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: &lt;/b&gt;NCT04557618.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rustamov, Nabi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Souders, Lauren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheehan, Lauren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carter, Alexandre</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leuthardt, Eric C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IpsiHand Brain-Computer Interface Therapy Induces Broad Upper Extremity Motor Rehabilitation in Chronic Stroke.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurorehabil Neural Repair</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neurorehabil Neural Repair</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">brain-computer interfaces</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chronic Disease</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electroencephalography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gamma Rhythm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motor Activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paresis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospective Studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recovery of Function</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stroke</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stroke Rehabilitation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theta Rhythm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Upper Extremity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025 Jan</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-86</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;BACKGROUND: &lt;/b&gt;Chronic hemiparetic stroke patients have very limited benefits from current therapies. Brain-computer interface (BCI) engaging the unaffected hemisphere has emerged as a promising novel therapeutic approach for chronic stroke rehabilitation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;OBJECTIVES: &lt;/b&gt;This study investigated the effectiveness of contralesionally-controlled BCI therapy in chronic stroke patients with impaired upper extremity motor function. We further explored neurophysiological features of motor recovery driven by BCI. We hypothesized that BCI therapy would induce a broad motor recovery in the upper extremity, and there would be corresponding changes in baseline theta and gamma oscillations, which have been shown to be associated with motor recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;METHODS: &lt;/b&gt;Twenty-six prospectively enrolled chronic hemiparetic stroke patients performed a therapeutic BCI task for 12 weeks. Motor function assessment data and resting state electroencephalogram signals were acquired before initiating BCI therapy and across BCI therapy sessions. The Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer assessment served as a primary motor outcome assessment tool. Theta-gamma cross-frequency coupling (CFC) was computed and correlated with motor recovery.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;RESULTS: &lt;/b&gt;Chronic stroke patients achieved significant motor improvement in both proximal and distal upper extremity with BCI therapy. Motor function improvement was independent of Botox application. Theta-gamma CFC enhanced bilaterally over the C3/C4 motor electrodes and positively correlated with motor recovery across BCI therapy sessions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSIONS: &lt;/b&gt;BCI therapy resulted in significant motor function improvement across the proximal and distal upper extremities of patients, which significantly correlated with theta-gamma CFC increases in the motor regions. This may represent rhythm-specific cortical oscillatory mechanism for BCI-driven rehabilitation in chronic stroke patients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;TRIAL REGISTRATION: &lt;/b&gt;Advarra Study: https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04338971 and Washington University Study: https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03611855.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trevino, Gabriel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, John J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shimony, Joshua S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luckett, Patrick H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leuthardt, Eric C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Complexity organization of resting-state functional-MRI networks.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hum Brain Mapp</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hum Brain Mapp</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Connectome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Default Mode Network</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entropy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nerve Net</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rest</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024 Aug 15</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e26809</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Entropy measures are increasingly being used to analyze the structure of neural activity observed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), with resting-state networks (RSNs) being of interest for their reproducible descriptions of the brain's functional architecture. Temporal correlations have shown a dichotomy among these networks: those that engage with the environment, known as extrinsic, which include the visual and sensorimotor networks; and those associated with executive control and self-referencing, known as intrinsic, which include the default mode network and the frontoparietal control network. While these inter-voxel temporal correlations enable the assessment of synchrony among the components of individual networks, entropic measures introduce an intra-voxel assessment that quantifies signal features encoded within each blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) time series. As a result, this framework offers insights into comprehending the representation and processing of information within fMRI signals. Multiscale entropy (MSE) has been proposed as a useful measure for characterizing the entropy of neural activity across different temporal scales. This measure of temporal entropy in BOLD data is dependent on the length of the time series; thus, high-quality data with fine-grained temporal resolution and a sufficient number of time frames is needed to improve entropy precision. We apply MSE to the Midnight Scan Club, a highly sampled and well-characterized publicly available dataset, to analyze the entropy distribution of RSNs and evaluate its ability to distinguish between different functional networks. Entropy profiles are compared across temporal scales and RSNs. Our results have shown that the spatial distribution of entropy at infra-slow frequencies (0.005-0.1 Hz) reproduces known parcellations of RSNs. We found a complexity hierarchy between intrinsic and extrinsic RSNs, with intrinsic networks robustly exhibiting higher entropy than extrinsic networks. Finally, we found new evidence that the topography of entropy in the posterior cerebellum exhibits high levels of entropy comparable to that of intrinsic RSNs.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tan, Gansheng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adams, Josh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Donovan, Kara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demarest, Phillip</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willie, Jon T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brunner, Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gorlewicz, Jenna L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leuthardt, Eric C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Does vibrotactile stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve enhance working memory? A behavioral and physiological investigation.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Stimul</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Stimul</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Galvanic Skin Response</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Memory, Short-Term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pupil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vagus Nerve</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vagus Nerve Stimulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vibration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young Adult</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024 Mar-Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">460-468</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;BACKGROUND: &lt;/b&gt;Working memory is essential to a wide range of cognitive functions and activities. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a promising method to improve working memory performance. However, the feasibility and scalability of electrical stimulation are constrained by several limitations, such as auricular discomfort and inconsistent electrical contact.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;OBJECTIVE: &lt;/b&gt;We aimed to develop a novel and practical method, vibrotactile taVNS, to improve working memory. Further, we investigated its effects on arousal, measured by skin conductance and pupil diameter.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;METHOD: &lt;/b&gt;This study included 20 healthy participants. Behavioral response, skin conductance, and eye tracking data were concurrently recorded while the participants performed N-back tasks under three conditions: vibrotactile taVNS delivered to the cymba concha, earlobe (sham control), and no stimulation (baseline control).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;RESULTS: &lt;/b&gt;In 4-back tasks, which demand maximal working memory capacity, active vibrotactile taVNS significantly improved the performance metric d compared to the baseline but not to the sham. Moreover, we found that the reduction rate of d with increasing task difficulty was significantly smaller during vibrotactile taVNS sessions than in both baseline and sham conditions. Arousal, measured as skin conductance and pupil diameter, declined over the course of the tasks. Vibrotactile taVNS rescued this arousal decline, leading to arousal levels corresponding to optimal working memory levels. Moreover, pupil diameter and skin conductance level were higher during high-cognitive-load tasks when vibrotactile taVNS was delivered to the concha compared to baseline and sham.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSION: &lt;/b&gt;Our findings suggest that vibrotactile taVNS modulates the arousal pathway and could be a potential intervention for enhancing working memory.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luckett, Patrick H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olufawo, Michael O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Park, Ki Yun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lamichhane, Bidhan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dierker, Donna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verastegui, Gabriel Trevino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, John J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butt, Omar H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chheda, Milan G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snyder, Abraham Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shimony, Joshua S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leuthardt, Eric C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting post-surgical functional status in high-grade glioma with resting state fMRI and machine learning.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neurooncol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Neurooncol</style></alt-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brain Neoplasms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glioma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">machine learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middle Aged</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neoplasm Grading</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prognosis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retrospective Studies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024 Aug</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">169</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">175-185</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;PURPOSE: &lt;/b&gt;High-grade glioma (HGG) is the most common and deadly malignant glioma of the central nervous system. The current standard of care includes surgical resection of the tumor, which can lead to functional and cognitive deficits. The aim of this study is to develop models capable of predicting functional outcomes in HGG patients before surgery, facilitating improved disease management and informed patient care.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;METHODS: &lt;/b&gt;Adult HGG patients (N = 102) from the neurosurgery brain tumor service at Washington University Medical Center were retrospectively recruited. All patients completed structural neuroimaging and resting state functional MRI prior to surgery. Demographics, measures of resting state network connectivity (FC), tumor location, and tumor volume were used to train a random forest classifier to predict functional outcomes based on Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS &lt; 70, KPS ≥ 70).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;RESULTS: &lt;/b&gt;The models achieved a nested cross-validation accuracy of 94.1% and an AUC of 0.97 in classifying KPS. The strongest predictors identified by the model included FC between somatomotor, visual, auditory, and reward networks. Based on location, the relation of the tumor to dorsal attention, cingulo-opercular, and basal ganglia networks were strong predictors of KPS. Age was also a strong predictor. However, tumor volume was only a moderate predictor.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;CONCLUSION: &lt;/b&gt;The current work demonstrates the ability of machine learning to classify postoperative functional outcomes in HGG patients prior to surgery accurately. Our results suggest that both FC and the tumor's location in relation to specific networks can serve as reliable predictors of functional outcomes, leading to personalized therapeutic approaches tailored to individual patients.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record></records></xml>